Chapter: 1 - Introduction to CSS
A CSS (cascading style sheet) file allows you to separate your websites (X)HTML content from its style. As always you use your (X)HTML file to arrange the content, but all of the presentation (fonts, colors, background, borders, text formatting, link effects & so on...) are accomplished within a CSS.
At this point, you have some choices of how to use the CSS, either internally or externally.
Internal Stylesheet
First, we will explore the internal method. This way you are simply placing the CSS code within the <head></head> tags of each (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS. The format for this is shown in the example below.
<head>
<title><title>
<style type="text/css">
CSS Content Goes Here
</style>
</head>
<body>
With this method, each (X)HTML file contains the CSS code needed to style the page. Meaning that any changes you want to make to one page will have to be made to all. This method can be good if you need to style only one page, or if you want different pages to have varying styles.
External Stylesheet
Next, we will explore the external method. An external CSS file can be created with any text or HTML editor such as "Notepad" or "Dreamweaver". A CSS file contains no (X)HTML, only CSS. You simply save it with the .css file extension. You can link to the file externally by placing one of the following links in the head section of every (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS file.
<
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k el="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="Path
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To
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L
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stylesheet.css" />
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Or you can also use the @import method as shown below
<style type="text/css">@import url(Path To
stylesheet.css)</style>
Either of these methods is achieved by placing one or the other in the head section as shown in the example below.
<head>
<title><title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"href="style.css" />
</head>
<body>
or
<head>
<title><title>
<style type="text/css"> @import url(Path To stylesheet.css)
</style>
</head>
<body>
By using an external style sheet, all of your (X)HTML files link to one CSS file in order to style the pages. This means, that if you need to alter the design of all your pages, you only need to edit one .css file to make global changes to your entire website.
Here are a few reasons this is better.
Easier Maintenance
Reduced File Size
Reduced Bandwidth
Improved Flexibility
Are you getting the idea? It's really cool.
Cascading Order
In the previous paragraphs, I have explained how to link to a CSS file either internally or externally. If you understood that I am doing a good job. I don't fret, there is a long way to go before we are finished. Assuming you have caught on already, you are probably asking, well can I do both? The answer is yes. You can have both internal, external, and now wait a minute a third way? Yes, inline styles also.
Inline Styles
I have not mentioned them until now because in a way they defeat the
purpose of using CSS in the first place. Inline styles are defined right in
the (X)HTML file alongside the element you want to style. See example
<p style="color: #ff0000;">Some red text</p>
Some red text
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Inline styles will NOT allow the user to change styles of elements or text
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formatted this way
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which is better?
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So with all these various ways of inserting CSS into your (X)HTML files,
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you may now be asking well which is better, and if I use more than one
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method, in what order do these different ways load into my browser?
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All the various methods will cascade into a new "pseudo" stylesheet in
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the following order:
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1. Inline Style (inside (X)HTML element)
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2. Internal Style Sheet (inside the <head> tag)
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3. External Style Sheet
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As far as which way is better, it depends on what you want to do. If you
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have only one file to style then placing it within the <head></head>
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tags (internal) will work fine. Though if you are planning on styling
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multiple files then the external file method is the way to go.
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Choosing between the <link related=> & the @import methods are
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completely up to you. I will mention that the @import method may take
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a second longer to read the CSS file in Internet Explorer than the <link
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related=> option. To combat this see Flash of unstyled content
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Users with Disabilities
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The use of external style sheets also can benefit users that suffer from
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disabilities. For instance, a user can turn off your stylesheet or substitute
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one of there owns to increase text size, change colors and so on. For
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more information on making your website accessible to all users, please
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Power Users
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Swapping stylesheets is beneficial not only for users with disabilities, but
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also, power users who are particular about how they read Web
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documents.
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Browser Issues
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You will discover as you delve farther into the world of CSS that all
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browsers are not created equally, to say the least. CSS can and will
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render differently in various browsers causing numerous headaches.
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